The Tradition of Kites in Japan: A Cultural Symbol Soaring Through History
Contents
Bright kites dance on the wind—symbols of family hopes, sacred messengers, and echoes of tradition.
From ancient Shinto rites to spectacular modern festivals, kite flying in Japan is a joyful art form that lifts both spirit and heritage into the sky.
In this article, we explore how Japan’s kite traditions have evolved—from their historical roots to the vibrant customs that continue today.
From Aristocratic Pastime to Popular Tradition: The Evolution of Kites in Japan
While kites exist in many cultures worldwide, Japan has developed its own unique kite traditions, shaped by both foreign influence and local creativity.
Early References and Aristocratic Enjoyment
It is believed that kites were introduced to Japan from China sometime before the Heian period (794–1185). The earliest written record appears in the Wamyō Ruijushō (和名類聚抄), a 10th-century Japanese dictionary, where kites are described as shiroushi (紙老鳶) or shien (紙鳶).
During the Heian period, kite flying was mainly enjoyed by nobles and aristocrats as a form of elegant amusement. Traditional Japanese kites featured bamboo frames and washi paper, with unique shapes such as rectangular 角凧 (kaku-dako), hexagonal 六角凧 (rokkaku-dako), and the iconic 奴凧 (yakko-dako), shaped like a figure with outstretched arms.
International Influence: The Arrival of Diamond Kites in Nagasaki
In the 17th century, diamond-shaped kites—originating from Southeast Asia and the Middle East—were introduced to Japan via trading ships arriving in Nagasaki. These kites were brought by foreign residents and workers, such as Indonesians employed by Dutch trading companies.
In Nagasaki, the kites became known as “Hata” (旗), meaning "flag," inspired by the banners flown on foreign ships. This marked the beginning of a distinct regional kite culture, incorporating international styles into Japan's own traditions.
Edo Period: The Rise of Giant Kites and Competitive Kite Fighting
During the Edo period (1603–1868), kite flying became a widespread pastime not just among nobles, but also among ordinary townspeople across Japan. Large, elaborately decorated kites gained popularity, and kite flying evolved from simple amusement into a vibrant part of everyday life.
One particularly popular form was competitive kite fighting, where participants attempted to cut each other’s kite strings using specially treated lines coated with powdered glass or other materials. These fierce contests often drew large crowds and became a common sight in open spaces throughout cities and towns.
Modern Times: From Everyday Amusement to Seasonal Tradition
As Japan entered the Meiji period (1868–1912), rapid modernization and urbanization began to change daily life. The growth of electric power lines made kite flying in crowded city areas increasingly dangerous, and in some regions, local laws were introduced to restrict kite flying due to concerns over power outages and damage to crops.
Despite these changes, kite flying did not disappear. Instead, it gradually shifted from an everyday pastime into a cherished part of seasonal events such as New Year’s celebrations and children’s festivals. Rather than a common sight in urban streets, kite flying became a special tradition—a joyful activity for holidays and community gatherings.
In 1910, an inventor named Tatsunosuke Morishita even developed an innovative airplane-shaped kite, which he offered as a gift to the imperial family. This shows how kite culture in Japan continued to evolve, blending traditional craftsmanship with modern creativity.
From its aristocratic beginnings to its role in lively street competitions and family celebrations, kite flying in Japan reflects a rich tapestry of history, creativity, and cultural adaptation. Today, Japanese kites are cherished as both traditional art forms and symbols of festive joy.
The Changing Names of Kites in Japan
Today, kites in Japan are commonly called “tako” (凧), meaning “octopus.”
However, this was not always the case. Historically, the names for kites varied widely across regions and eras.
Historically, Japanese kites have been called by many different names.
This variety comes from factors such as:
- Regional dialects and cultural differences
- Shape and appearance of kites
- Historical events, such as the Edo-period kite flying ban
- Foreign influences (especially in port cities like Nagasaki)
Through these diverse influences, Japan’s kite names have become as colorful and varied as the kites themselves.
How ‘Ika’ Became ‘Tako’: Kite Names in the Edo Period
During the Edo period (1603–1868), kites were especially popular in urban areas such as Edo (now Tokyo).
At that time, the common name was “ika-nobori” (いかのぼり), meaning “squid climbing.”
This reflected the kite's trailing tails, resembling a squid’s tentacles.
However, as kite flying grew in scale, large kites sometimes caused property damage or injuries.
In 1655, the Tokugawa shogunate issued a ban on kite flying in city areas:
町中にてイカノボリを揚げる事を禁ず (No kite flying in the towns)
To continue enjoying kite flying while avoiding the ban, people in Edo cleverly changed the name from “ika” (squid) to “tako” (octopus).
This playful word change helped kite culture survive—and over time, “tako” became the standard term in Eastern Japan.
Kite Names Across Regions in Japan
While “tako” is now the most common word for kite in Japan,
there are many other names that have been used historically and are still found in local dialects today.
| Region | Common Name | Meaning / Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Kanto (including Edo/Tokyo), Tohoku (Japan Sea side), Tokai | Tako (凧) | “Octopus” — adopted after Edo ban |
| Kansai, Hokuriku, Chugoku, Shikoku (parts) | Ika / Ikanobori (烏賊) | “Squid” — reflects kite’s tail shape |
| Nagasaki, Kyushu (northwest) | Hata (旗) | “Flag” — influenced by foreign traders |
| Hiroshima, Yamaguchi | Yozu | Local dialect term |
| Seto Inland Sea (Awaji Island, etc.) | Yōkanbē | Local dialect term |
| Miyazaki (Nichinan area) | Kamome | “Seagull” — likely shape-related |
By understanding the history behind these names, we get a glimpse into how Japanese kite culture has evolved—
not just as a pastime, but as a reflection of local identity and historical creativity.
Traditional Types of Japanese Kites
Japanese kites, known as “washi kites” (和凧), are crafted using bamboo frames and washi paper.
Unlike modern plastic kites, these traditional kites emphasize not only flight but also artistry, symbolism, and regional identity.
Common Materials
- Frame: Bamboo — light, flexible, and strong
- Surface: Washi paper — durable and ideal for painting detailed designs
- Tail (optional): Strips of paper, cloth, or bamboo to stabilize flight
- Sound attachments: Some kites feature bow-shaped “unari” to create buzzing sounds as they fly
Major Traditional Kite Types
Japan has a rich variety of traditional kites, each with its own distinct shape, purpose, and regional origin.
Here is a quick overview of some of the most famous and culturally significant Japanese kites:
| Name | Shape / Style | Features and Cultural Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Edo-dako (江戸凧) | Rectangular | Originating in Edo (Tokyo), features bold images such as samurai and kabuki actors. |
| Rokkaku-dako (六角凧) | Hexagonal | Known for stable flight; often used in kite battles. Common in Chubu and Kansai regions. |
| Yakko-dako (奴凧) | Human figure with outstretched arms | Represents a servant or footman; seen in Edo and surrounding areas. |
| Ren-dako (連凧) | Multiple connected rectangular kites | A chain of kites flown together, creating spectacular displays. Popular during festivals. |
| Baramon-dako (バラモン凧) | Rounded with curved wings and decorative tails | Unique to the Goto Islands in Nagasaki, famous for vivid colors and warrior designs. Known for their loud buzzing sound. |
Artistic and Cultural Features
- Hand-painted designs: Samurai warriors, legendary heroes, animals, and mythical creatures
- Regional uniqueness: Many towns and prefectures have their own signature kite shape and artwork
- Symbolic meanings: Kites are often flown to pray for children’s health, family prosperity, and good fortune
Traditional Japanese kites are not just toys; they are seen as a form of folk art and an expression of local pride that has been passed down through generations.
Three Most Famous Traditional Kite Festivals in Japan
Across Japan, kite festivals are celebrated with great energy and regional pride.
Among them, these three stand out as the most famous and historically significant.
1. Hamamatsu Festival (浜松まつり) – Shizuoka Prefecture
Held every May 3–5 in Hamamatsu City, this festival boasts over 450 years of history and is one of Japan’s largest kite events.
- Main Features:
- Teams fly giant kites bearing the names of newborn children over the Nakatajima Sand Dunes.
- Dramatic kite string battles (糸切り合戦, ito-kiri gassen), where kites clash and cut each other's strings.
- Evening float parades with music and lanterns.
Official Website (English): Hamamatsu Festival
2. Sagami Giant Kite Festival (相模の大凧まつり) – Kanagawa Prefecture
Taking place every early May along the Sagami River in Sagamihara City,
this festival features one of the world’s largest kites—measuring up to 14.5 meters square and weighing nearly 1 ton.
- Main Features:
- Launching a single, enormous kite per team.
- Spectacular size and historical craftsmanship.
- Over 300 years of tradition dating back to the Edo period.
Event Guide (English): Sagami Giant Kite Festival
Official Website (English): The Giant Kites of Sagami
3. Shirone Giant Kite Battle (白根大凧合戦) – Niigata Prefecture
This thrilling event takes place every early June along the Shinano River in Niigata City (Shirone area).
- Main Features:
- Teams from opposite riverbanks fly enormous kites (up to 7 meters wide).
- Midair tangle battles followed by intense tug-of-war competitions along the riverbanks.
- Over 300 years of history as a beloved local tradition.
Official Website (Japanese): Shirone Giant Kite Battle
Shirone Giant Kite Battle 2025 Special Site (Japanese): Shirone Giant Kite Battle Special Site
These three festivals not only showcase the artistry and excitement of Japanese kite culture but also preserve centuries-old traditions that continue to inspire both participants and spectators today.
Keeping the Tradition Alive
In today’s urbanized Japan, open spaces are limited—but the kite tradition endures.
Parks, beaches, and riverbanks remain popular places to fly kites, especially during New Year’s celebrations and local festivals.
To preserve this cultural heritage, various efforts are actively supported by local communities, cultural groups, and governments:
Kite Museums in Japan
Visiting kite museums is a great way to learn about the history, artistry, and regional diversity of Japanese kites.
Here are two notable examples:
-
World Kite Museum: Higashiomi Giant Kite Museum (世界凧博物館 東近江大凧会館) – Shiga Prefecture
Dedicated to the famous Higashiomi Giant Kite (東近江大凧) tradition,
this museum showcases both Japanese and international kites.
Official Website (Japanese) -
Ikazaki Kite Museum (五十崎凧博物館) – Ehime Prefecture
Focused on the unique kite culture of Ikazaki Town, this museum features historical exhibits,
local kite-making workshops, and displays of beautifully crafted Ikazaki kites.
Official Website (Japanese)
Other Preservation Efforts
-
Workshops and Hands-on Experiences:
Many regional festivals and cultural centers offer kite-making workshops for both children and adults,
teaching traditional techniques using bamboo and washi paper. -
Cultural Preservation Groups:
Organizations like the Japan Kite Association (日本の凧の会) and local preservation societies in places such as Hamamatsu, Sagamihara, Shirone, and Ikazaki actively promote kite culture through public demonstrations, educational programs, and international exchanges. -
Art Exhibitions and Tourism Events:
Special exhibits showcasing kite art and history are held in museums and galleries nationwide.
International kite festivals in Japan also invite participants from around the world, fostering cultural exchange.
Kites in Japan are now appreciated not just as toys, but as living cultural expressions that bridge generations, blending traditional craftsmanship with modern creativity.
Conclusion: A Skyward Connection to Japanese Culture
From graceful aristocratic pastimes to grand festivals drawing thousands of spectators,
kites in Japan have always been more than simple toys.
They embody artistry, history, and heartfelt wishes—woven into the fabric of Japanese life for centuries.
Each time a kite takes to the sky, it carries with it the hopes and dreams of its maker and flier.
It’s a living link that connects past traditions with present-day creativity,
bridging generations and communities through a shared sense of joy and pride.
Whether watching a colossal kite battle, crafting your own washi kite in a local workshop, or simply looking up to see a single kite dancing in the wind— you are witnessing a piece of Japan’s enduring cultural soul.
In that moment, the sky becomes not just a backdrop, but a canvas for human connection and celebration.