Emperor's Birthday in Japan: A Celebration of the Nation’s Symbol
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What if your nation’s most revered symbol greeted the public just once a year—offering words of peace and unity from the heart of a centuries-old palace?
In Japan, February 23rd is celebrated as the Emperor's Birthday (Tennō Tanjōbi)—a national holiday that honors the birth of the reigning Emperor and reflects the country’s deep respect for its imperial heritage. Far more than a personal celebration, this day invites the public to express their well wishes, gratitude, and collective identity, as the Emperor stands as the symbol of the state and unity of the people, as defined in Japan’s Constitution.
From flag-waving crowds at the Imperial Palace to nationwide broadcasts and quiet moments of civic reflection, the Emperor’s Birthday is both a living tradition and a poignant reminder of Japan’s enduring cultural spirit.
Why Is the Emperor's Birthday Celebrated on February 23rd?
The date of the Emperor’s Birthday changes with each Emperor, aligning with the birthdate of the current sovereign. Japan’s present Emperor, Emperor Naruhito, was born on February 23, 1960, and ascended the Chrysanthemum Throne in 2019. Since 2020, this day has been officially recognized as a public holiday.
A Brief History of the Holiday’s Evolution
- The birthday of Emperor Shōwa (Hirohito), once celebrated on April 29, is now known as Shōwa Day, part of Golden Week.
- Emperor Emeritus Akihito’s birthday, December 23, was removed from the national holiday calendar after his abdication in 2019.
- In 2019, Japan did not observe an Emperor’s Birthday due to the imperial transition—an event not seen in modern times.
How Do Japanese People Celebrate the Emperor’s Birthday?
The most iconic celebration takes place at the Imperial Palace in Tokyo, where a special event known as ippan sanga (public greeting) occurs:
- The Imperial Family appears on the palace balcony, with the Emperor delivering a short address to the gathered public.
- Citizens wave Japanese flags and offer their congratulations, creating a festive and respectful atmosphere.
- The event is widely broadcast on national television and covered in media across the country.
- Educational and civic organizations sometimes use the day to reflect on national unity, cultural values, and Japan's peaceful ideals.
Note: The public ceremony was suspended for several years due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but resumed in 2023, drawing large crowds.
The Deeper Significance of Tennō Tanjōbi
More than a celebration of birth, Emperor’s Birthday serves as a day for national reflection. It offers an opportunity to appreciate:
- The longevity and health of the Emperor
- The cultural and historical legacy of the Imperial Family
- The importance of national harmony and peace, symbolized by the Emperor’s role
As one of the few national holidays that changes with each Emperor, Tennō Tanjōbi remains a living tradition—one that reflects Japan’s deep respect for its imperial heritage and enduring hope for peace and unity.